Hello friends in this tutorial I will be introducing you with some electronics components and their working applications in electronic circuits. The electronic circuit mainly consists of semiconductor devices such as integrated chips(IC), BJTs(bipolar junction transistors), MOSFETS(metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors), Diodes, SCRs(silicon controlled rectifiers). Also there are passive elements which are part of electronic circuits. They include capacitors , resistors , inductors. The sources of electronic circuits are batteries , step-down transformers which step down ac, which is 
further rectified by rectifiers for obtaining dc. We would be also discussing about basic electronics terms , rules , specification ideal and practical uses, definitions, measurements,etc.
SOURCES
BATTERIES- These are devices which store electric energy by charging action and this stored energy is further utilised, followed by discharging action. It has got mainly two terminals ,one is positive(red)+ and the other is negative(black)-. Some times number of terminals vary mainly in cases of lithium polymer batteries, so battery specs must be carefully observed. There are various ratings on batteries such as AH, mAH , Discharge and Charge voltage and sometimes wattage. AH stands for ampere hour and mAH for miliampere hour it is the capacity of current which you will be able to drain out . Charge and discharge voltage should not be exploited to ensure good battery life.
There are various types of batteries such as lead acid batteries mainly used in cars , inverters ,motor bikes etc. ,lithium ion batteries used mainly in mobile phones, and the latest evolution lithium polymer batteries which have greater advantages of being light in weight. The batteries are combination of small cells. These are expensive so good care should be taken. The potential levels are 3.7v , 4.7 v , 9v , 12v , 24 v depending upon application, desired values are chosen.
TRANSFORMERS
A transformer consists of two electrically isolated coils and operates on Faraday's principal of “electromagnetic induction”, in which an EMF is induced in the transformers secondary coil by the magnetic flux generated by the voltages and currents flowing in the primary coil winding.
There are two types of transformers step up and step down . In electronics mainly step down transformers are used, which step down ac level to desired level then it is further rectified by rectifiers and smoothed by filters to obtain pure dc . In inerters step up transformers are used. RECTIFIER - Their work is to convert/rectify ac into dc, two types exist half wave and full wave. Full wave rectifirs are mainly used. Half wave are also used according to application.Full wave consists of bridge rectifier , which consists of four diodes connected in a manner as shown in above figure.
The ampere output of rectifiers depend upon ampere of diodes and ampere output of transformers, so both should be properly matched
SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES:
These are combination of p and n type materials which include silicon , germanium , gallium ,arsenide , carbide etc.
DIODES - These are two terminal devices consisting of anode and cathode.Most diodes are made with semiconductor materials such as silicon, germanium, or selenium.They work in configurations such as forward and reverse bias. When positive of diode is connected to positive of supply and negative to negative of supply such a configuration is termed as forward bias and vice-versa condition is termed as reverse bias.
These are mainly used in electronic switches and are replacing relays.
INTEGRATED CHIPS (ICs)-
An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit is a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece (or "chip") of semiconductor material, normally silicon. These are designed to perform specific tasks and hence they are named so- comparators , operational amplifiers, counters,latch,flip -flop,MUX ,DEMUX, counters,timers,etc.
There are various types of chips are available according to their applications. Some most commonly used ICs are NE555Timer , IC741(Op-amp),CD4017(Decade counter), there are also microcontroller ICs which need to be programmed ,etc. The pins of the ICs are counted from top left corner(beside the notch) in anti-clockwise direction to the right top corner(beside the notch).It is also illustrated in figure below-
PASSIVE DEVICES
RESISTORS-
These are bi-directional devices. Their work is to provide obstruction in the path of current i.e. it opposes flow of current depending upon the amount of resistance chosen value can provide. It is measured in Ohm(R)(ohm`s law V=IR) ,larger values in kilo ohm(K), mega ohm in (M). These have colour codings on them which represent their values.The figure is shown below-
You will be able to calculate resistors values from the link provided below-
https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi3uu6j5cvRAhVHL48KHXBsCzQQFggcMAA&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kitronik.co.uk%2Fpdf%2FHow_to_Calculate_and_Understand_Resistor_Values.pdf&usg=AFQjCNFqivH2YW-ZL6nxPf7TREtEaGiC5g&sig2=aUa23fhQjn05v5roeYQCJA&bvm=bv.144224172,d.c2I
CAPACITORS-
ELECTROLYTIC(POLARISED)
These have charging and discharging actions in a circuit. Maximum application is in filters(smoothing dc).These have polarity and are two terminal devices. Unit of measurement of capacitance is micro-farad. The value of capacitance and max withstanding voltage is printed on the outer surface covering. The lead polarity are also printed as shown in figure below-
The longer lead is positive and shorter negative
NON-POLARISED-
These are devices with two terminals but no polarity can be connected with either of the sides.Their values are not directly shown on it but via codes on them wich include numbers from 0 to 9.
Suppose the code on capacitor is 104 then its value will be
10*10^4/10^6=0.1micro-farad.
if the code is 203 the its value will be
20*10^3/10^6=0.02 micro-farad. The third digit of the code will always be multiplier.These have great application in audio filters.
INDUCTORS-
An inductor, also called a coil or reactor, is a passive two-terminal electrical component that stores electrical energy in a magnetic field when electric current is flowing through it. An inductor typically consists of an electric conductor, such as a wire, that is wound into a coil.An inductor is characterized by its inductance, which is the ratio of the voltage to the rate of change of current. In the International System of Units (SI), the unit of inductance is the henry (H). Inductors have values that typically range from 1 µH (10−6H) to 1 H. Many inductors have a magnetic core made of iron or ferrite inside the coil, which serves to increase the magnetic field and thus the inductance. Along with capacitors and resistors, inductors are one of the three passive linear circuit elements that make up electronic circuits. Inductors are widely used in alternating current (AC) electronic equipment, particularly in radio equipment. They are used to block AC while allowing DC to pass; inductors designed for this purpose are called chokes. They are also used in electronic filters to separate signals of different frequencies, and in combination with capacitors to make tuned circuits, used to tune radio and TV receivers.
The above shared information is just a basic of electronics components the aim was to introduce many of those who are not able to identify components but now I hope this information will be very helpful to electronic beginners as well as electronic lovers.Queries are invited from all. Soon I will be coming up with tutorial for how to make power supplies on your own for different applications. Stay tuned to my blog for more updates.
Thankyou
further rectified by rectifiers for obtaining dc. We would be also discussing about basic electronics terms , rules , specification ideal and practical uses, definitions, measurements,etc.
SOURCES
BATTERIES- These are devices which store electric energy by charging action and this stored energy is further utilised, followed by discharging action. It has got mainly two terminals ,one is positive(red)+ and the other is negative(black)-. Some times number of terminals vary mainly in cases of lithium polymer batteries, so battery specs must be carefully observed. There are various ratings on batteries such as AH, mAH , Discharge and Charge voltage and sometimes wattage. AH stands for ampere hour and mAH for miliampere hour it is the capacity of current which you will be able to drain out . Charge and discharge voltage should not be exploited to ensure good battery life.
There are various types of batteries such as lead acid batteries mainly used in cars , inverters ,motor bikes etc. ,lithium ion batteries used mainly in mobile phones, and the latest evolution lithium polymer batteries which have greater advantages of being light in weight. The batteries are combination of small cells. These are expensive so good care should be taken. The potential levels are 3.7v , 4.7 v , 9v , 12v , 24 v depending upon application, desired values are chosen.
TRANSFORMERS
A transformer consists of two electrically isolated coils and operates on Faraday's principal of “electromagnetic induction”, in which an EMF is induced in the transformers secondary coil by the magnetic flux generated by the voltages and currents flowing in the primary coil winding.
There are two types of transformers step up and step down . In electronics mainly step down transformers are used, which step down ac level to desired level then it is further rectified by rectifiers and smoothed by filters to obtain pure dc . In inerters step up transformers are used. RECTIFIER - Their work is to convert/rectify ac into dc, two types exist half wave and full wave. Full wave rectifirs are mainly used. Half wave are also used according to application.Full wave consists of bridge rectifier , which consists of four diodes connected in a manner as shown in above figure. The ampere output of rectifiers depend upon ampere of diodes and ampere output of transformers, so both should be properly matched
and diodes should should be chosen. For example 1n4007 outputs less current than 1n5408 diodes.
These are combination of p and n type materials which include silicon , germanium , gallium ,arsenide , carbide etc.
DIODES - These are two terminal devices consisting of anode and cathode.Most diodes are made with semiconductor materials such as silicon, germanium, or selenium.They work in configurations such as forward and reverse bias. When positive of diode is connected to positive of supply and negative to negative of supply such a configuration is termed as forward bias and vice-versa condition is termed as reverse bias.
These diodes have various codings on them which could be used to find out their datasheets which consists of its characteristics and applications. The main application of diodes are in rectifiers. Also high speed switching diodes are used in various inverters circuits. The abundantly available diode series is 1n400Xseries for low amperes and 1n540X sreies for high amperes. Free wheeling diodes are also used to prevent back emf from inductive circuits.
Bipolar Junction Transistors(BJTs)- These are three terminal devices consisting of collector (c), base (b) , emitter (e). These are two types depending upon majority charge carriers configurations pnp and npn type.
These are called bipolar because there are both type of charge carries(electrons and holes).These work basically in three regions active region , saturation region and cutoff region.The main application of transistors is in electronic switches and amplification purposes. Biasing of bjts is done in four ways voltage divider method is the efficient one, as current and voltage gain is maximum. The link is provided below where you will get the further information on biasing of transistors-------http://cc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~lhlu/eecourses/Electronics1/Electronics_Ch4.pdf.
These also have got codes on them which include manufacturer name and type.The codes can be used to find datasheets.To my experience one of the major problem is how to identify that the transistor is pnp or npn when its mounted in a circuit. In many of the circuit i have observed that npn type transistors have their emitter connected to ground and pnp types have their collectors connected to ground so if you know about the leads of transistors you could identify its type. A way to identify leads is using a multimeter via continuity test. Also you can get it from the datasheet. Small signal transistors and power transistors vary in shape and size so you could easily differentiate.These are current controlled devices.
MOSFETS(Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors)-
These are new technology devices and are more efficient than BJTs .These are voltage controlled devices . This also has three terminals like bjts but the names differ i.e. drain (d) , gate (g), and source (s).The conduction current is due to either of the charge carriers i.e. these are unipolar devices. Available in n-channel and p-channel type.Symbols of n channel and p channel are shown in image below.
Codes on mosfet will be helpful for datasheets for their practical characteristics. In todays technology these have replaced transistors a lot.
SCRs(Silicon Controlled Rectifiers)-
A Silicon-Controlled Rectifier, or SCR, is essentially a Shockley diode with an extra terminal added. This extra terminal is called the gate, and it is used to trigger the device into conduction (latch it) by the application of a small voltage.
These are mainly used in electronic switches and are replacing relays.
INTEGRATED CHIPS (ICs)-
An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit is a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece (or "chip") of semiconductor material, normally silicon. These are designed to perform specific tasks and hence they are named so- comparators , operational amplifiers, counters,latch,flip -flop,MUX ,DEMUX, counters,timers,etc.
There are various types of chips are available according to their applications. Some most commonly used ICs are NE555Timer , IC741(Op-amp),CD4017(Decade counter), there are also microcontroller ICs which need to be programmed ,etc. The pins of the ICs are counted from top left corner(beside the notch) in anti-clockwise direction to the right top corner(beside the notch).It is also illustrated in figure below-
More information of these ICs can be found from the datasheets via codes printed on them.The codes include alphabets as well as numbers.
PASSIVE DEVICES
RESISTORS-
These are bi-directional devices. Their work is to provide obstruction in the path of current i.e. it opposes flow of current depending upon the amount of resistance chosen value can provide. It is measured in Ohm(R)(ohm`s law V=IR) ,larger values in kilo ohm(K), mega ohm in (M). These have colour codings on them which represent their values.The figure is shown below-
You will be able to calculate resistors values from the link provided below-
https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi3uu6j5cvRAhVHL48KHXBsCzQQFggcMAA&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kitronik.co.uk%2Fpdf%2FHow_to_Calculate_and_Understand_Resistor_Values.pdf&usg=AFQjCNFqivH2YW-ZL6nxPf7TREtEaGiC5g&sig2=aUa23fhQjn05v5roeYQCJA&bvm=bv.144224172,d.c2I
CAPACITORS-
ELECTROLYTIC(POLARISED)
These have charging and discharging actions in a circuit. Maximum application is in filters(smoothing dc).These have polarity and are two terminal devices. Unit of measurement of capacitance is micro-farad. The value of capacitance and max withstanding voltage is printed on the outer surface covering. The lead polarity are also printed as shown in figure below-
The longer lead is positive and shorter negative
NON-POLARISED-
These are devices with two terminals but no polarity can be connected with either of the sides.Their values are not directly shown on it but via codes on them wich include numbers from 0 to 9.
Suppose the code on capacitor is 104 then its value will be
10*10^4/10^6=0.1micro-farad.
if the code is 203 the its value will be
20*10^3/10^6=0.02 micro-farad. The third digit of the code will always be multiplier.These have great application in audio filters.
INDUCTORS-
An inductor, also called a coil or reactor, is a passive two-terminal electrical component that stores electrical energy in a magnetic field when electric current is flowing through it. An inductor typically consists of an electric conductor, such as a wire, that is wound into a coil.An inductor is characterized by its inductance, which is the ratio of the voltage to the rate of change of current. In the International System of Units (SI), the unit of inductance is the henry (H). Inductors have values that typically range from 1 µH (10−6H) to 1 H. Many inductors have a magnetic core made of iron or ferrite inside the coil, which serves to increase the magnetic field and thus the inductance. Along with capacitors and resistors, inductors are one of the three passive linear circuit elements that make up electronic circuits. Inductors are widely used in alternating current (AC) electronic equipment, particularly in radio equipment. They are used to block AC while allowing DC to pass; inductors designed for this purpose are called chokes. They are also used in electronic filters to separate signals of different frequencies, and in combination with capacitors to make tuned circuits, used to tune radio and TV receivers.
The above shared information is just a basic of electronics components the aim was to introduce many of those who are not able to identify components but now I hope this information will be very helpful to electronic beginners as well as electronic lovers.Queries are invited from all. Soon I will be coming up with tutorial for how to make power supplies on your own for different applications. Stay tuned to my blog for more updates.
Thankyou
